Guys, ............. IF you were wanting to learn more of that light instrumental jazz meets blues type stuff of Larry Carlton and Jeff Golub ...............
There's nothing light about Larry's music, it may sound light but it's more complicated than it sounds.

What besides pentatonic scales would be good to know?
Like SG said a pentatonic scale is just a 5 note scale instead of a 7 note scale. There's more than 1 pentatonic scale.
I will start practicing that one with some backing tracks and see what I can do with it.
That may or may not work. The scale has to be able to "fit" over a chord structure, at least to the players ear. Just because you choose a chord progression in the key of C natural doesn't mean you can play any C _ _ scale over it. If you play a melody strictly "inside" meaning no "outside" notes to the scale than it's safe. But certain notes might sound way to harsh or disanent to play them over the chords.
Here's how I was taught at 1'st to see this;
It's easiest to see what's what looking at a keyboard even if you don't play 1.
Take only the white keys from C to C and you get; C D E F G A B C or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8/1.
Any black key in between is a half step, a flat or sharp and B to C, E to F is a half step, 1 fret. Now if you take every other note from that scale and play them in groups of 3 you get the
natural triad chords from with in that scale.
1. Cmaj. = M1.
CEG
2. Dmin. = m2. DFA
3. Emin. = m3. EGB
4. Fmaj. = M4. FAC
5. Gmaj. = M5. GBD
6. Amin. = m6. A
CE (which is the relative minor to C major,
2 of the same notes)
7. B 1/2 dim. = 1/2dim.7 BDF (the sign for 1/2 dim. is a o with a slanted line through it)
Now do the quad cords, just add the 4'th note;
1. Cmaj7. = M7
CEGB
2. Dmin7. = m7 DFAC
3. Emin7. = m7 EGBD
4. Fmaj7. = M7 FACE
5. G7 = Dom.(b)7 GBDF
6. Amin7. = m7 A
CEG (which is the relative minor to C major, 3 of the same notes)
7. B 1/2 dim. = 1/2dim.7 BDFA (the sign for 1/2 dim. is a o with a slanted line through it.)
(* I'm not sure anymore about the 1/2 dim. thing.)
Relative minor for C, same notes, same chords, reasigned order, 1 starts at Amin.7;
1. Amin7. = m7 A
CEG (which is the relative minor to C major, same notes)
2. B 1/2 dim. = 1/2dim.7 BDFA
3. Cmaj7. = M7
CEGB
4. Dmin7. = m7 DFAC
5. Emin7. = m7 EGBD
6. Fmaj7. = M7 FACE
7. G7 = Dom.(b)7 GBDF
You can play any of those chords and be totally "inside" of the scale that they are formed from. And any note from that scale will fit over any of those cords.
Certain scales have certain chords that are formed from them and they work over each other perfectly = inside. Now you can go outside of the scale with notes or chords, it's up to you how far outside you think still sounds good.
When they start to teach you more advanced voiced chord progressions they tell what scales to try over them. It can get very complicated pretty quick.And alot of the songs they teach from the Real Book of standards are realy in 3 or 4 keys all linked together with 2 or 3 different scales that can be played over each section.Plus when you go from 1 section to the next you have to know what notes the 2 sections have in comman to transition with into the next section.
I know of barely the basics of this stuff. 
Once you learn some of the scales and what cords go with them because of their note chemistry/construction you can look at a chord chart and figure out what fits over what.
I don't like calling the modes by their names because it doesn't tell what's in them. The Dorian is a minor 7 scale, minor 3'rd, natural 5'th, flat 7. If you look at all the modes you can call them by their content and know what's in them. So a dorian scale fits over a minor 7 key song like "Thrill is Gone".
You know the story goes "the only differance between the old blues guys and the old jazz guys is that the blues guys would be sleeping off a hang over the next day after a gig but the jazz guys would get up and studie/play scales all day"

Brad

Edit; I fixed 4 things and added a couple in here, I'm rusty at this and don't have a keyboard in front of me. Sorry.